Robinson was awarded the 2024 prize in economic sciences jointly with Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.
First, we have
to through the Education of Feelings - http://sccbesme-humanidade.blogspot.com/2012/07/responsabilidade-das-religioes.html
; http://sccbesme-humanidade.blogspot.com/2012/12/o-dialogo-entre-dois-educadores.html
, subordinating selfishness to Altruism; thus highlighting fraternity or Love
among Men; and as far as the Regime is concerned, resort to a Political Regime,
demonstrating its evolution, through the Sociological Method of Historical
Affiliation - Basis of the Science of Positive Sociology - http://livrospositivistas.blogspot.com/2014/06/a-ciencia-sociologia-positiva.html
; and the Duties, Individual, Domestic,
Civic, Western/Eastern and Planetary, with a scientific basis, of the Natural
Laws of Positive Theoretical Morality, with their respective Disciplines, which
induce the forms of constructive development, of the Evolution of Humanity,
with regard to the Social Well-Being of the Beings of these Nations.
The Positive Theoretical Moral
Science”.
The book recovers the knowledge of
Positive Morality or the Science of Construction, present in the formation and
political-social culture of Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries; this science
studies the individual man, his inner connection with himself and his
re-connection with the World and Humanity, based on Positivist Philosophy.
Today, the failure to comply with the laws of this science, with its emphasis
on selfishness, has been causing the deconstructing and degeneration of national
morality. The recovery of this knowledge, in order to overcome altruism over
selfishness, is necessary to offer people, especially in their civic and
citizen formation, the knowledge of Positive Ethics as a science, which,
maximized by the altruistic feeling, generates happiness and mental harmony, as
an alternative to fetishistic, theological and metaphysical morality. It is
expected that, upon reaching readers, the spread of the application of positive
moral laws into practice will occur, achieving the reduction of material
losses, due to the minimization of immoral behavior. This book provides
knowledge through a scientific education to free the world from the four human
plagues: wars, diseases, misery and corruption, aiming at Order and Social
Progress.
It also alerts medical training in
psychiatry to the existence of tools for analyzing the psychopathology of the
human being, due to the influence of the social environment and the instability
of the personality, aiming to diagnose these psychic illnesses, in order to
know the real scientific causes of mental disharmony and the knowledge of the
emotional state of the “Soul” (mind) and its cures, without the improper or
exaggerated use of drugs, making the psychiatrist much more of a doctor-priest
than he is today; where the masking of the clinical picture is maximized,
through excessive drug medication, in the patient, distorting his personality
and erasing his Tenderness (expansion of altruism), not curing him of the
mental disorder. Today, there is a lack of positive moral education that takes
into account the maxims “Live for Others” and “Live in the Open” in educational
processes, in work relationships, in social relationships, with negative
repercussions for society: wars, predatory competition, violence, disputes,
etc.
Moral education is no longer
taught as a discipline and is now restricted to the catechism of theocratic
religions and family traditions, which are increasingly deficient due to the
involuntary absence of the father and mother; thus, there is little development
of altruistic feelings. The situation is such that the word “moral” is seen as
synonymous with “conservatism” and repression – when positive morality is
exactly the opposite: it promotes the evolution of Order, generating Progress.
This book recovers the knowledge
of Scientific Psychology. A scientific analysis of the human psyche
demonstrating that selfish feelings must be subordinated to altruistic
feelings, in order for there to be construction; that is, continuity, union
(family harmony) and unity (religiosity or doctrine) among human beings, thus
leading to the predominance of sociability over personality http://doutrinadahumanidade.com/leia_indice_moral.htm http://doutrinadahumanidade.com/livros/ciencia_moral_positiva_r22.pdf because we know
that the Future is the projection of the Past, with the adjustments of the
Present. http://livrospositivistas.blogspot.com/2014/05/em-defesa-da-mentalidade-brasileira-rio.html
After the
Institution of the Science of Positive Sociology, by August Comte (see the
Natural Laws of this Science, which record the changes in the phenomena
governed by the “equations”, which demonstrate the tendency of greater or
lesser social sensitivity of a population -= that is, of order or disorder / of
progress or regression, leading us to the success or failure of Social
Well-Being - See the book "August Comte for All " - http://doutrinadahumanidade.com/livros/augusto_comte_para_todos_viii.pdf
; we can affirm that these Natural Laws, which
command the Science of Positive Sociology; are affected in their “parameters”,
by the Moral behavior of the Individuals, who live in a Nation – This Moral
behavior, aims at Construction; based on the natural Laws of Positive Moral
Theoretical Science, or Construction Science, also known as Scientific
Psychology, already presented above, that is, it analyzes the individual
behavior of the Human Being, showing the reference patterns for peaceful
evolution.
Just as a machine is built according to the Natural
Laws of Physical Science; a society is built or eliminated by altering the
“parameters” of the Natural Sociological Laws and the parameters of the Natural
Laws of Positive Morality; accompanied by variations in the parameters of the
Natural Laws of Biology, and the respect or lack thereof of the Ecological
Balance where these civilizations live.
Through these scientific tools it is possible to
understand the imperatives of current circumstances, by going back to what
happened after the Middle Ages, to reach the contemporary era, from a
sociological and moral point of view, to show the evolution of the Political
Regimes that have governed us, and their projection, towards the type of
government most suited to Sociability, towards a state of psychic harmony and
organic health, for the Human Being.
In the Middle Ages, in the West,
there was a stable religious and political organization, due to the unanimously
accepted doctrine. For the first time in the history of humanity, the
separation between spiritual power and temporal power was established. This was
the Catholic Church and Feudalism. The current nations did not exist and Europe
was divided into duchies, counties, etc., with their feudal lords. The king was
nothing more than a feudal lord with limited authority over the other lords.
As a result of religion, it was
easy for the Papacy to intervene in political matters.
Everyone believed in the Divine
power of the Church, which, when it excommunicated a nobleman, left him
abandoned by his own assistants and he himself considered himself condemned.
This was the case of Emperor Henry IV of Germany, who went to Casanossa to do
penance before Pope Gregory VII in order to obtain his reinstatement on the
throne.
From the 14th to 15th centuries,
the first phase of the Modern movement, this system of feudal Catholicism began
to crumble because Catholicism, which had created the ideal of a universal
religion, could not achieve it by dividing the old Roman Empire with Islam.
Instead of conquering Jerusalem, men heretically dedicated themselves to
conquering the roads to India, to trade, to renewing the fine arts, to
unveiling the sky, to science, to spreading knowledge with Gutenberg, to
creating machines. It was the Renaissance.
Spiritual ties were loosened and,
to compensate, political ties were tightened, leading to the formation of
modern nationalities and the disappearance of fiefdoms.
During this revolutionary
transition, two political solutions emerged: English parliamentarism and
continental royalty. The roots of both systems arose from the struggle between
the local power of the nobles and the power of the kings.
In England, the aristocracy
prevailed over the royalty due to a set of circumstances, including its insular
position, national egoism and Saxon discipline, although its own was
dictatorial under Elizabeth I, Cromwell and Churchill.
The English nobles have been
progressive, becoming agricultural, industrial, commercial, banking and
military leaders. In addition, they incorporated into the class the commoners
who stood out. For similar reasons, the Dutch and Scandinavians imitated them,
although the critical periods were personified by William the Silent and
Gustavus Adolphus.
In continental nations, the
opposite occurred, especially in France, a model for the others, with a few
temporary exceptions, such as the Venice of the Doges. The aristocracy was
dominated and demoralized by the kings, leading to the so-called enlightened
despots, such as Louis XI, Richelieu, Colbert, Pombal, Aranda and, above all,
the great Frederick I of Prussia, who reconciled temporal power with freedom of
thought. Frederick said: "I made a contract with my people, they say what
they want, but I do what I want"; for their well-being.
Social evolution continued,
through Protestantism, deism and rationalism.
The institutions that originated in the Middle Ages collapsed.
The Catholic clergy no longer had the authority to regulate the people.
No one accepted the divine origin of kings anymore.
The destructive movement was faster than the constructive one.
Before the emergence of Positive Sociology, democratic metaphysics began to dominate most minds; then came the explosion of the French Revolution in 1789. Danton's republican and organic impulse was stifled by the demolishing wave.
Governments began to rely on metaphysical chimeras, starting with Montesquieu's gratuitous and incoherent idea of the three powers, executive, legislative and judiciary, independent and harmonious among themselves.
Power is one and the same, and comes from force, as Hobbes demonstrated, whether military force or economic force, and the latter, which has prevailed today, has brought many troubles, especially with this Capitalist-Liberalist Globalization; However, there are two other forces, Intellectual and Moral, which are imperceptible to the current Governments, but which must be deeply evaluated and propagated to strengthen the tripod of stability of Civilizations. When one tries to counter this, indirect ways appear to restore the authority that must legislate, execute and honor justice, or else there is no government.
See the Political Situation in Brazil at this moment. Does Mr. TEMER Govern? He is not a Statesman. He is an opportunist.
See the article, Recruiting a
Statesman, where we can find some points to apply now: http://www.doutrinadahumanidade.com/artigos/procura_estadista.htm
Why does one legislate for
another to execute? The hypertrophy of the executive is so natural that no
congress has ever contradicted the president of the Republic, except in very
exceptional cases. But in a system of Democratic Political Regime, formed by a
corrupt majority, anything is possible - impeachment of President Dilma
Rousseff.
Given the absence of a religious
and political doctrine to form public opinion and guide the conduct of rulers,
they are in fact forced to make personal decisions, whether they are monocratic
or parliamentary.
To legitimize power, they
invented popular sovereignty, manifested by elections, to replace aristocratic
heredity. Now, the electoral process is based on two big lies. First, the votes
are equal, both those of the well-intentioned and those of the self-interested,
those of the competent and those of the incompetent. Second, the majority is
right, when, in general, it is not. If the number of voters increases, the
moral and intellectual level decreases. Ultimately, the election is nothing
more than an illusion, since the people do not choose anyone; at most, they
decide between candidates presented by the most active groups. The current
legitimacy of the government results from the force it represents, since
society is a collective being, but it only acts through individual bodies. http://www.doutrinadahumanidade.com/artigos/democracia_e_societocracia.htm
As for succession, the rule of
temporality is illogical. Administrative continuity allows for the improvement
of public affairs and wards off vulgar and unbridled ambitions. It is enough to
establish maximum and minimum age limits, 35 to 70 years, for example: If
businessmen and directors of religious, cultural and private institutions
remain in their posts as long as they have the strength to exercise them, for
greater efficiency, why should rulers change periodically? In the case of a
permanent replacement, it is best for the ruler to appoint the successor, as
long as he cannot appoint relatives. No one considers himself more qualified to
do so. The great statesman Bolívar, whose 200th birthday was celebrated in
1983, stated that "A president for life with the power to elect his
successor constitutes the most sublime inspiration in the republican
order". He appoints the successor and this is only accepted if 85% of his
second and third-ranking members in the government hierarchy agree. http://sccbesme-humanidade.blogspot.com/2018/05/a-quem-interessa-o-discurso-dos.html
From the above, it can be concluded that parliamentarism is the most appropriate system for England, and presidentialism for the peoples of the European continent and their followers overseas, especially the less disciplined Latins.
In parliamentarism, the strongest party forms the cabinet with its elected representatives and a king, who reigns but does not govern,
or a president of the same style who dissolves Congress and calls new elections when the cabinet weakens. There is no stability.
Aristotle preferred an elite government and did not like democracy because it tended towards a tyranny of the majority, formed by the lower class, which oppressed the upper classes of society and did not respect the general principles of liberal coexistence.
Nazism was a case in point.
Jefferson, Washington, Madison, Franklin and their companions were wise enough to adopt presidentialism and not copy the parliamentary system of their British colonizers.
If it were not for this, the United States would never have achieved the anarchic progress and power it enjoys today. They understood that in America there is no local power of the aristocrats and that cosmopolitanism does not fit in with the highly traditional and customary practices of the English.
Countries that have imitated England have fared very badly.
Parliamentaryism results in a lack of government and responsibility.
Authority is diluted and no one is held accountable.
In Brazil, during the Empire, it was a failure. The pro-slavery congress, elected to prevent abolition, had to approve it in a rush, due to pressure from the liberation movement. Pedro II summed it all up when he said:
"It took me fifty years to put up with bad governments."
France was defeated in World War II because Parliament did not approve the creation of the motorized force proposed by De Gaulle. Who is responsible for this? Hundreds of parliamentarians? No one. In 9 years, Portugal will have its 15th government.
An average of a year and a bit for each one.
How to govern like this?
In today's Italy, it is even worse. In 37 years, 44 cabinets.
In France, from 1870 to 1896, in 26 years, 39 ministries.
As August Comte says, parlamentarism in France "deeply disturbed hearts - feelings, spirits - intelligence and character, developing the habit of corruption, sophistry and intrigue".
In Brazil, the spectacle is currently desolate. The political parties only aim to conquer power. No ideas, no programs, no gestures of austerity. In the midst of the economic crisis that affects all social classes, parliamentarians are voting for huge subsidies and unreasonable perks for themselves.
Handing over power to them will always be a disgrace. Authority and responsibility would disappear.
The advisable thing is a strong presidential system, leaving the budget oversight to Congress, accompanied by a Sociocratic Republican Constitution.
The President of the Republic should concentrate the executive and legislative functions, being accountable to public opinion. The effective guarantee against the abuse of force is freedom of thought and criticism, with the obligation of each person to sign and be responsible for their expression. Full Freedom of the Media with Social Responsibility.
There must be a complete separation between temporal and spiritual powers. Parliamentarism was created to sustain the fiction of the divine right of an inviolable and hereditary king, while at the same time limiting his absolute power.
Authority remains unstable in the hands of a cabinet that safeguards the responsibility of the supreme leader and can be overthrown by dissolving parliament, if not by parliament itself, subject to the fluctuations of political ambitions, often hidden.
Parliamentarism is incompatible with the republican regime, where a direct authority is accountable to public opinion. The propaganda of the Republic has always been accompanied by that of presidentialism.
It is also not
compatible with a federal system that would increase political instability and
create administrative chaos. How can a prevailing opinion be obtained in the
face of the dispersion of local powers?
How can
regional interests, which want to prevail, be reconciled with national needs?
It is no
coincidence that parliamentary countries are unitary.
Brazilian unity
can only be achieved through federalism, and this system rejects
parliamentarism.
See the defense
of presidentialism displayed by Joaquim Luiz Osório, João Barbosa, Campos
Salles, Pinheiro Machado, Assis Brasil, Alberto Sales and the other republican
leaders.
All of this is
temporary, given the natural tendency for economic forces to predominate,
leading to the formation of a government in the future with a triumvirate of
three bankers, one linked to agriculture, another to industry and the other to
commerce. But we will go through an intermediate phase, with the Republican
Societocracy - See the page http://societocratic-political-regime.blogspot.com.br/2013/09/os-grandes-objetivos-da-sccbesme.html for a general idea about the Societocratic Regime, as well as in ARTICLES, an
Article about the Federative Societocratic Republican Constitution of Brazil -
incomplete - a Prototype that will be ready by the end of 2019. http://sccbesme-humanidade.blogspot.com/2018/09/ii-introducao-e-resumo-apresentacao.html
This Constitution contemplates
the Judiciary, the Executive, a Budget and Management Chamber – with the
presence of active representatives of Society – Federations/Unions –
Employers/Workers/Bankers and representatives of the Three Armed Forces, with
strategic, tactical and logistical support, to face the governability of a
Nation. A Congressional Assembly, more of an oversight than a legislator,
elected by the people, with party representatives (3 Parties)
Finally, we can summarize that
the solution to the human problem can only emanate from the definitive
transformation of human feelings, conceptions and actions.
It is essential that the social
feelings, which bind us to Family and Country, lead us to Humanity.
HUMANITY presents itself as the SUPREME BEING, which
regulates feelings, thoughts and acts; and connects men together, through Love
for the Beautiful, Faith for the True and Hope for the Good and the Good.
Thus we can say that Humanity is the set of convergent
beings, from the Past, the Future and the Present, who have contributed, will
contribute and continue to contribute, for the Well-being of Human beings in
the kingdom of Mother Earth.
Health, Respect and Fraternity,
Paulo Augusto Lacaz
Bibliography Consulted
Article – August Comte and Political Regimes - Article
published in the Proceedings of the VI Meeting of Positivists - Florianópolis -
SC - 1983, by Henrique Batista da Silva Oliveira.
Augusto Comte's Positive Political System. Paris, 1854 – 4
Volumes
Notions of Sociology – Luis Lagarrigue – Santiago de Chile -
1926.
